Web.py on Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise Pangolin)

Web.py is a web application framework that stresses minimalism, flexibility, rapid application development, and straight forward deployment. Originally developed to power the popular news and link aggregation site “Reddit”, web.py is a powerful option for developing systems for the web.

Before you begin installing and configuring the components described in this guide, please make sure you’ve followed our instructions for setting your hostname. Issue the following commands to make sure it is set properly:

hostname
hostname -f

The first command should show your short hostname, and the second should show your fully qualified domain name (FQDN).

Before beginning with Web.py, issue the following commands to ensure your system’s package repositories are up to date and the latest versions of all software are installed:

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade

Issue the following command to install all prerequisite software:

apt-get install apache2 python

The application you develop with Web.py may require additional dependencies that you can discover and install using your system’s package management tool. The following command will install the PostgreSQL database and appropriate database drivers:

apt-get install python-psycopg2 postgresql

For more information about installing and using the PostgreSQL database, consider our documentation. Conversely, if you only need a simple embedded relational database, consider using SQLite, which you can install with the following command:

apt-get install python-pysqlite2 sqlite3

There are a number of different ways to install and deploy the Web.py framework. The Ubuntu software repositories include a version of Web.py, packaged as python-webpy. However, for the purpose of this guide, you will install the framework from source. Issue the following commands to download and install the latest released version:

cd /opt/
wget http://webpy.org/static/web.py-0.37.tar.gz
tar -xzvf web.py-0.37.tar.gz
cd /opt/web.py-0.37/
python setup.py install

Make sure you’re downloading the latest release by checking the Web.py site. Following a new release of the framework, follow the same procedure as above and substitute the new version number from the project’s website. Alternately, issue the following sequence of commands to use git to download the latest development version of Web.py.

apt-get install git-core
cd /opt/
git clone git://github.com/webpy/webpy.git
cd /opt/webpy/
python setup.py install

When you want to upgrade to the latest development version, issue the following sequence of commands:

cd /opt/webpy/
git clean -f
git pull
python setup.py install

This method will ensure that you are always running the most up-to-date version of the code, but does not allow you to take advantage of any release testing that the Web.py developers may provide.

There are a number of examples of basic applications developed using the web.py framework. The “main” application file is typically called “code.py”. Consider the following, “Hello World” application:

File: code.py

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import web urls = ( '(.*)', 'hello' ) app = web.application(urls, globals()) class hello: def GET(self, name): if not name: name = 'World' return 'Hello, ' + name + '!' if __name__ == "__main__": app.run()

Save this file at /var/www/example.com/application/code.py or the equivalent path depending on your virtual hosting deployment, and proceed with the deployment of the application.

Web.py provides a number of different possibilities for deploying and hosting applications. This document will describe a deployment using the Apache web server and the mod_wsgi process. However, you may choose to deploy your Web.py application using whatever web server and application interface method you are most comfortable with: nginx, lighttpd, Cherokee with FastCGI, CGI, or embedded python interpreters are all viable options.

WSGI is an evolution of the CGI standard, and has performance comparable to FastCGI and embedded interpreter application deployments. Install the required Apache module with the following command:

apt-get install libapache2-mod-wsgi

Issue the following command to ensure that the required modules are enabled within Apache:

a2enmod rewrite

WSGI requires a slight modification to your web.py application. Add the following lines to the end of the code.py file:

File: code.py

1 2	app = web.application(urls, globals(), autoreload=False) application = app.wsgifunc()

Consider the following Apache VirtualHost configuration for a mod_wsgi powered Web.py application:

File: Apache VirtualHost Configuration

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<VirtualHost example.com:80> ServerAdmin username@example.com ServerName example.com ServerAlias www.example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public_html/ ErrorLog /var/www/example.com/logs/error.log CustomLog /var/www/example.com/logs/access.log combined WSGIScriptAlias / /var/www/example.com/application Alias /static /var/www/example.com/public_html <Directory /var/www/example.com/application> SetHandler wsgi-script Options ExecCGI </Directory> AddType text/html .py <Location /> RewriteEngine on RewriteBase / RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/static RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^(/.*)+code.py/ RewriteRule ^(.*)$ code.py/$1 [PT] </Location> </VirtualHost>

Ensure that this virtual host has been enabled, and issue the following command to restart the server:

service apache2 restart

In the above example, requests for the example.com domain will be handled by WSGI, with the application files located in /var/www/example.com/application. All static files can be stored in /var/www/example.com/public_html and served directly by Apache. Furthermore, the rewrite rules convert requests so that paths beneath example.com are handled by the Web.py application without including code.py in the URL. For example, the request for http://example.com/about would be processed as http://example.com/code.py/about but requests for http://example.com/static would not be rewritten and content would be served from /var/www/example.com/public_html.

The “Hello World” application above is functional, but isn’t able to store or access persistent data in a database system. The following example is simple but inserts and retrieves data from a database system. Consider the following code:

File: code.py

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import web urls = ( '/(.*)', 'hello' ) app = web.application(urls, globals()) db = web.database(dbn='postgres', db='webpy', user='webpy', pw='webweb') class hello: def GET(self, notetext): notetext = dict(notes="a note") notes = db.select('notes', notetext, what='notes') if notes: notes = 'a note is found' else: notes = 'no notes are found' return notes if __name__ == "__main__": app.run() app = web.application(urls, globals(), autoreload=False) application = app.wsgifunc()

This program connects to the PostgreSQL database “webpy” and looks in the table “notes” for a note that matches the text “a note.” If the note is found, the program returns the text “a note is found”; otherwise, the page will return “no notes are found.” Make sure there is a role or user in your PostgreSQL database called “webpy” with the credentials specified on the db line of this example.

Note

For more information about PostgreSQL, see our PostgreSQL guides.

At the PostgreSQL prompt, issue the following commands to the PostgreSQL shell statement to create the required database and tables. The “webpy” user for PostgreSQL must already exist:

CREATE DATABASE webpy;
GRANT ALL ON notes TO webpy;
\c webpy
CREATE TABLE notes (note_id int, notes varchar);

While the application is running you can issue the following SQL statements to PostgreSQL to modify the output of the above script:

INSERT INTO notes VALUES (1, 'a note');

DELETE FROM notes WHERE note_id=1;

Congratulations on the development of your new Web.py application!

You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.

• The Web.py Project Home Page
• Official Web.py Documentation
• Rewrite URLs in Apache with Mod_Rewrite
• WSGI Configuration Options