Using SSHFS to Mount Remote Directories

SSHFS (Secure Shell FileSystem), is a tool that allows users to securely access remote filesystems over the SSH protocol. This guide will get you started with SSHFS on your Linode. SSHFS can eliminate the need to use FTP/SFTP to transfer files to and from a remote server.

This guide will assume you have two systems set up:

• A remote system running Ubuntu 18.04 which will serve your files over SSH.

• A client system which will connect to the remote server using SSHFS. This system also runs Ubuntu 18.04.

Limited Linux users (non-root) with the same username should also exist on both systems. If you have not already set up a limited user, review the How to Secure your Server guide.

The username for this limited user is assumed to be example_user. Replace all instances of example_user in this guide with your limited user’s name. As well, the IP address of the remote system is assumed to be 192.0.2.4, so replace all instances of this IP with your remote system’s address.

Note

sshfs can be installed on any Linode distribution, so you can adapt this guide if you are not using Ubuntu.

1. Log in to your client system and update your packages:

    apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
   

2. Install SSHFS:

    apt-get install sshfs
   

   Note

   The sshfs package is available with every Linux package manager. Use the commands specific to your distribution if you are not using Debian or Ubuntu.

In order to mount file systems using SSHFS from a normal user account, you’ll need to add the user to the fuse group first.

Note

If you are unfamiliar with users, groups, and file permissions, visit the Users and Groups guide for a brief introduction.

1. To check if the fuse group exists run:

    cat /etc/group | grep 'fuse'
   

2. If the group exists, execute the following command with sudo, substituting your user account name in place of example_user:

    sudo usermod -a -G fuse example_user
   

3. If the group does not exist it has to be created and the user added to the fuse group:

    sudo groupadd fuse
    sudo usermod -a -G fuse example_user
   

4. Log out from the client system and log back in to activate the group membership.

You can use the command sshfs to mount a remote filesystem. The syntax for mounting a filesystem with sshfs is:

sshfs [user@]host:[directory] mountpoint [options]

Note

You can read more about sshfs in the sshfs manual.

1. Create a directory as a destination for the mounted folder.

    mkdir sshfs-dir
   

2. Mount the home directory of the remote system’s user to the new directory on your client system:

    sshfs example_user@192.0.2.4:/home/example_user sshfs-dir
   

3. List the contents of the mounted directory. You should see the content of the folder that was mounted on the remote system:

    ls -al sshfs-dir
   

4. To unmount the filesystem, use the umount command:

    umount sshfs-dir
   

To keep your server’s directory mounted on your system through reboots, create a persistent mount. This is accomplished by updating your system’s /etc/fstab file.

When setting up a mount listed in /etc/fstab, your client system will not be able to accept a password for the SSH connection. Instead, you can use public/private keypairs to authenticate with the remote server. This section describes how to create a keypair if you do not already have one.

Caution

This command will overwrite an existing RSA key pair, potentially locking you out of other systems.

If you’ve already created a key pair, skip this step. To check for existing keys, run ls ~/.ssh/id_rsa*.

If you accidentally lock yourself out of your Linode, use Lish to update your authorized_keys file and regain SSH access.

1. Generate a keypair with the ssh-keygen command; accept the default values for the options it presents:

    ssh-keygen -t rsa
   

2. From the client system, copy your new public SSH key to the remote user’s authorized_keys file:

    ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub example_user@192.0.2.4
   

   Note

   If your system is older, this file may be named authorized_keys2. Consult your Linode’s /etc/ssh/sshd_config if you are unsure:

   grep authorized_keys /etc/ssh/sshd_config
   

3. At this point, you should be able to log into the remote server as example_user without entering a password. Confirm this:

    ssh example_user@192.0.2.4
   

1. On a new line, add a mount directive to your /etc/fstab file which matches the following syntax:

   File: /etc/fstab

   1	example_user@192.0.2.4:/home/example_user /home/example_user/sshfs-dir fuse.sshfs noauto,x-systemd.automount,_netdev,follow_symlinks,identityfile=/home/example_user/.ssh/id_rsa,allow_other,default_permissions,reconnect 0 0

   Note

   You will need to use sudo privileges to edit this file from your limited user.

2. Reboot your system. Then, list the contents of the mounted directory. You should see the content of the folder that was mounted on the remote system:

    ls -al /home/example_user/sshfs-dir
   

After completing this guide you will be able to transfer files to a remote server from your client machine without using an FTP client. If you still want to learn how to use an FTP client, check out our guide: Transfer Files with FileZilla.

More Information

You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.

• SSHFS Home Page
• Linux Security Basics
• Use Public Key Authentication with SSH