Inspecting Network Information with netstat
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The netstat command line utility shows information about the network status of a workstation or server. netstat is available on Unix-like and Windows operating systems, with some differences in its usage between these systems.
netstat is an older utility, and some components of its functionality have been superseded by newer tools, like the
ss command. A primary benefit of using netstat is that it is frequently pre-installed on Linux systems, while other tools might not be. As well, many (but not all) of the command line options for netstat can be run without root privileges, so it can still be useful on a system where you do not have root or sudo privileges.
This guide assumes some basic knowledge of networking in Linux, including network interfaces, routing tables, and network connections and sockets.
In This Guide
This guide will explore the options available when running netstat on Linux. netstat can be used to inspect:
- Unix sockets and network connections
- Routing tables
- Network interfaces
- Network protocols
- Multicast group membership
A list of the command line options can be found below, and some advanced examples of using netstat with the AWK command will be introduced at the end of the guide.
NoteThis guide is written for a non-root user. Depending on your configuration, some commands might require the help ofsudoin order to properly execute. If you are not familiar with thesudocommand, see the Users and Groups guide.
Basic Usage
Installing netstat
If netstat is not present on your Linux server or workstation, it can be added by installing the net-tools package:
sudo apt install net-tools # Debian-based systems
sudo yum install net-tools # CentOS and RHEL systems
Running netstat without Any Options
If you execute netstat without any command line arguments and options, the utility will display all open sockets and network connections, formatted in two tables. This will most likely be a relatively long list:
netstat
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 li140-253.members.l:ssh 185.232.67.121:43556 TIME_WAIT
tcp 0 0 li140-253.members.:smtp 37.252.14.141:64553 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 li140-253.members.l:ssh 37.252.14.141:43860 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 li140-253.members.:smtp 37.252.14.141:44909 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 li140-253.members.l:ssh ppp-2-86-7-61.hom:54757 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 li140-253.members.l:ssh 37.252.14.141:62736 SYN_RECV
tcp6 0 0 li140-253.members.:http 37.252.14.141:63805 SYN_RECV
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 20972 /var/spool/postfix/dev/log
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 18134 /run/systemd/notify
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 24059
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 22790
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24523 public/showq
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24526 private/errorThe first table displays network connections, and the columns of this table are interpreted as follows:
| Column | Description |
|---|---|
| Proto | The protocol of the connection: TCP, UDP, or raw. |
| Recv-Q | When in reference to a TCP connection, this column shows the number of bytes received by the local network interface but not read by the connected process. |
| Send-Q | When in reference to a TCP connection, this column shows the number of bytes sent to the other side of the connection but not acknowledged by the remote host. |
| Local Address | The local address and port for the connection. By default, this will display the host name for the address, if it can be resolved. The service name for the port (e.g. SSH for port 22) will also be displayed by default. |
| Foreign Address | The address and port number for the connected host. The host name and service name will be displayed by default, similar to the behavior for the Local Address column. |
| State | The state of the connection. Because raw and UDP connections will generally not have state information, this column will usually be blank for those connection types. For TCP connections, the State column will have a value that matches
one of the states specified by TCP: SYN_RECV, SYN_SENT, ESTABLISHED, etc. By default, connections in the LISTEN state will not be displayed. |
The second table displays Unix sockets, and the columns of this table are interpreted as follows:
| Column | Description |
|---|---|
| Proto | The protocol of the socket (unix). |
| RefCnt | The reference count, which is the number of attached processes connected via this socket. |
| Flags | Any flags associated with the socket. This will most often display ACC, short for SO_ACCEPTON, which is shown for unconnected sockets whose processes are waiting for connection requests. |
| Type | The type of the socket: datagram/connectionless (SOCK_DGRAM), stream/connection (SOCK_STREAM), raw (SOCK_RAW), reliably-delivered messages (SOCK_RDM), sequential packet (SOCK_SEQPACKET), or the obsolete SOCK_PACKET. |
| State | The state of the socket: FREE for unallocated sockets, LISTENING for sockets listening for connections, CONNECTING for sockets that are about to be connected, CONNECTED for connected sockets, and DISCONNECTING for disconnecting sockets. If the state is empty, the socket is not connected. Sockets in the LISTENING state will not be displayed by default. |
| I-Node | The filesystem inode of the socket. |
| Path | The filesystem path of the socket. |
Command Line Options
Some important and frequently-used command line options of netstat are as follows:
| Option | Definition |
|---|---|
-v | Shows verbose output. |
-r | Displays the kernel routing tables. |
-e | Displays extended information for network connections. |
-i | Displays a table of all network interfaces. When used with -a, the output also includes interfaces that are not up. |
-s | Displays summary statistics for each protocol. |
-W | Avoids truncating IP addresses and provides as much screen space as needed to display them. |
-n | Displays numerical (IP) addresses, instead of resolving them to hostnames. |
-A | Allows you to specify the protocol family. Valid values are inet, inet6, unix, ipx, ax25, netrom, econet, ddp and bluetooth. |
-t | Displays TCP data only. |
-u | Displays UDP data only. |
-4 | Displays IPv4 connections only. |
-6 | Displays IPv6 connections only. |
-c | Displays information continuously (every second). |
-p | Displays the process ID and the name of the program that owns the socket. It requires root privileges for this. |
-o | Displays timer information. |
-a | Shows both listening and non-listening network connections and Unix sockets. |
-l | Displays listening network connections and Unix sockets, which are not shown by default. |
-C | Displays routing information from the route cache. |
-g | Displays multicast group membership information for IPv4 and IPv6. |
The rest of this guide will put the most important of these command line options to work in order to help you learn their usage. However, nothing can replace experimenting with netstat on your own.
Sockets/Network Connections
Include the LISTENING State
Run netstat with the -a option to show both listening and non-listening network connections and sockets:
netstat -a
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 316 li1076-154.members.:ssh 192.0.2.4:51109 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15668 /run/systemd/private
unix 6 [ ] DGRAM 9340 /run/systemd/journal/dev-log
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 9096 /run/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 9098 /run/systemd/cgroups-agent
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 9107 /run/systemd/fsck.progress
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 9117 /run/udev/control
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 9119 /run/systemd/journal/syslog
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 50340 /run/user/1000/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 50344 /run/user/1000/systemd/private
...Only Show the LISTENING State
Run netstat with the -l option to only show listening network connections and sockets:
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15668 /run/systemd/private
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 9107 /run/systemd/fsck.progress
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 9117 /run/udev/control
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 50344 /run/user/1000/systemd/private
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 50349 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.ssh
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 50352 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.extra
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 50354 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.browser
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 50356 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 9210 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11261 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socketShow IPv4 Connections Only
The -A inet, --inet and -4 command line options will all tell netstat to show IPv4 connections (both TCP and UDP) only. Because listening connections are not shown by default, this command displays connections that are in a non-listening state:
netstat -4
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 1 0 li140-253.members.:smtp 193.32.160.143:41356 CLOSE_WAIT
tcp 0 300 li140-253.members.l:ssh athedsl-405473.ho:64917 ESTABLISHED
tcp 1 0 li140-253.members.:smtp 193.32.160.136:37752 CLOSE_WAIT
tcp 1 0 li140-253.members.:smtp 193.32.160.136:49900 CLOSE_WAIT
tcp 1 0 li140-253.members.:smtp 193.32.160.136:49900 CLOSE_WAITNoteIf you want to display IPv4 connections that are in both listening and non-listening state, add the
-acommand line option:netstat -4a
Show IPv6 Connections Only
The -A inet6, --inet6 and -6 command line options will all tell netstat to show IPv6 connections (both TCP and UDP) only. Because listening connections are not shown by default, this command displays connections that are in a non-listening state:
netstat -6
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
udp6 0 0 [::]:mdns [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:58949 [::]:*
udp6 0 0 fe80::f03c:91ff:fe6:ntp [::]:*
udp6 0 0 2a01:7e00::f03c:91f:ntp [::]:*
udp6 0 0 localhost:ntp [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:ntp [::]:*NoteIf you want to display IPv4 connections that are in both listening and non-listening state, add the
-acommand line option:netstat -6a
Show Listening UNIX Sockets
The -x option limits netstat to showing Unix sockets. If you want to only display listening UNIX sockets, use the following command:
netstat -lx
Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 21569793 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.extra
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 21569796 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.ssh
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 21569798 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.browser
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 21569800 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.dirmngr
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 21569802 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24485 public/cleanup
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 20306 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24490 private/tlsmgr
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24493 private/rewrite
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24496 private/bounce
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24499 private/defer
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24502 private/trace
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 24505 private/verify
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 20319 /var/run/avahi-daemon/socket
...Show TCP Connections Only
The -t option limits netstat to showing TCP network connections. Because listening connections are not shown by default, the following command displays connections that are in a non-listening state:
netstat -nt
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 1 0 109.74.193.253:25 193.32.160.143:41356 CLOSE_WAIT
tcp 0 0 109.74.193.253:22 79.131.135.223:64917 ESTABLISHED
tcp 1 0 109.74.193.253:25 193.32.160.136:37752 CLOSE_WAIT
tcp 1 0 109.74.193.253:25 193.32.160.136:49900 CLOSE_WAIT
tcp6 0 0 109.74.193.253:80 104.18.40.175:26111 SYN_RECV
tcp6 0 0 109.74.193.253:80 104.18.40.175:47427 SYN_RECV
tcp6 0 0 109.74.193.253:80 104.18.41.175:24763 SYN_RECV
tcp6 0 0 109.74.193.253:80 104.18.41.175:32295 SYN_RECV
tcp6 0 0 109.74.193.253:80 104.18.41.175:53268 SYN_RECV
tcp6 0 0 109.74.193.253:80 104.18.40.175:4436 SYN_RECV
tcp6 0 0 109.74.193.253:80 104.18.40.175:17099 SYN_RECV
tcp6 0 0 109.74.193.253:80 104.18.41.175:12892 SYN_RECVNoteThe-noption in the previous command tellsnetstatto not resolve IP addresses to hostnames.
NoteIf you want to display both listening and non-listening TCP connections, add the
-acommand line option:netstat -ta
Show IPv4 TCP Connections Only
If you are only interested in IPv4 TCP connections, use the -t and -4 options together. Because listening connections are not shown by default, the following command displays connections that are in a non-listening state:
netstat -nt4
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 1 0 109.74.193.253:25 193.32.160.143:41356 CLOSE_WAIT
tcp 0 0 109.74.193.253:22 79.131.135.223:64917 ESTABLISHED
tcp 1 0 109.74.193.253:25 193.32.160.136:37752 CLOSE_WAIT
tcp 1 0 109.74.193.253:25 193.32.160.136:49900 CLOSE_WAITNoteIf you want to display both listening and non-listening IPv4 TCP connections, add the
-acommand line option:netstat -t4a
Show Listening TCP Connections Only
If you want to display listening TCP connections only, combine -l and -t:
netstat -lt
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 101 0 0.0.0.0:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:https [::]:* LISTENShow UDP Connections Only
If you are only interested in seeing UDP connections, use the -u option:
netstat -u
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:mdns 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 li140-253.member:syslog 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:60397 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootpc 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 li140-253.members.l:ntp 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 localhost:ntp 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ntp 0.0.0.0:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:mdns [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:58949 [::]:*
udp6 0 0 fe80::f03c:91ff:fe6:ntp [::]:*
udp6 0 0 2a01:7e00::f03c:91f:ntp [::]:*
udp6 0 0 localhost:ntp [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:ntp [::]:*NoteTo show only IPv4 or IPv6 UDP connections, combine
-uwith-4or-6:netstat -u4 netstat -u6
Show Extended Output
The -e command line parameter tells netstat to show extended output, which will add the User and Inode columns to the displayed table (but only for network connections, not Unix sockets). For example, this command will show extended output for a system’s listening TCP connections:
netstat -lte
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State User Inode
tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN mysql 35862475
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN root 35572959
tcp 101 0 0.0.0.0:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN root 35544149
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN root 35577141
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN root 35572961
tcp6 0 0 [::]:https [::]:* LISTEN root 35577145Show the PID and Program Name
The -p option displays the process ID and program name that corresponds to a network connection or Unix socket.
Notenetstatrequires root privileges to show the PID and program name of processes that are not owned by your user.
This command will display the PID and program name for a system’s listening TCP connections:
sudo netstat -ltp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 24555/mysqld
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1008/sshd
tcp 101 0 0.0.0.0:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 8576/master
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN 1808/apache2
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN 1008/sshd
tcp6 0 0 [::]:https [::]:* LISTEN 1808/apache2NoteIn particular, the previous example’s command is a fast way to learn about which networked services are running on your system.
Combining -p and -e
Combining -p with -e while having root privileges will simultaneously reveal the user, inode, and PID/program name of your network connections. The following example command will show all of this information for a system’s listening TCP connections:
sudo netstat -ltpe
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State User Inode PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN mysql 35862475 24555/mysqld
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN root 35572959 1008/sshd
tcp 101 0 0.0.0.0:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN root 35544149 8576/master
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN root 35577141 1808/apache2
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN root 35572961 1008/sshd
tcp6 0 0 [::]:https [::]:* LISTEN root 35577145 1808/apache2Routing Tables
One of the most frequent uses of netstat is for showing the
routing table of a machine:
netstat -nr
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
0.0.0.0 109.74.193.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
109.74.193.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0In this output, the U flag means that the route is in use and the G flag denotes the default gateway. The H flag, which is not displayed here, would mean that the route is to a host and not to a network.
Network Interfaces
The -i option shows network statistics on a per-interface basis:
netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0 1500 7075525 0 0 0 6830902 0 0 0 BMRU
lo 65536 573817 0 0 0 573817 0 0 0 LRU| Column | Description |
|---|---|
| Iface | The name of the interface. |
| MTU | The value of the Maximum Transmission Unit. |
| RX-OK | The number of error free packets received. |
| RX-ERR | The number of packets received with errors. |
| RX-DRP | The number of dropped packets when receiving. |
| RX-OVR | The number of packets lost due to the overflow when receiving. |
| TX-OK | The number of error-free packets transmitted. |
| RX-ERR | The number of transmitted packets with errors. |
| TX-DRP | The number of dropped packets when transmitting. |
| TX-OVR | The number of packets lost due to the overflow when transmitting. |
| Flag | Flag values for the interface. |
If you combine -a with -i, netstat will also display interfaces that are not up:
netstat -ia
Kernel Interface table
Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
dummy0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BO
erspan0 1450 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BM
eth0 1500 13128358 0 0 0 15677694 0 0 0 BMRU
gre0 1476 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O
gretap0 1462 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BM
ip6_vti0 1364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O
ip6gre0 1448 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O
ip6tnl0 1452 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O
ip_vti0 1480 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O
lo 65536 846097 0 0 0 846097 0 0 0 LRU
sit0 1480 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O
teql0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O
tunl0 1480 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ONetwork Protocols
Use the -s option to see network statistics on a per-protocol basis:
netstat -s
Ip:
Forwarding: 2
6775334 total packets received
11 with invalid addresses
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
6775323 incoming packets delivered
7339283 requests sent out
Icmp:
10531 ICMP messages received
4415 input ICMP message failed
InCsumErrors: 3
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 6035
timeout in transit: 93
redirects: 1
echo requests: 4379
timestamp request: 20
16939 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 12540
echo replies: 4379
timestamp replies: 20
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 6035
InType5: 1
InType8: 4379
InType11: 93
InType13: 20
OutType0: 4379
OutType3: 12540
OutType14: 20
Tcp:
38781 active connection openings
330301 passive connection openings
10683 failed connection attempts
26722 connection resets received
1 connections established
6580191 segments received
10797407 segments sent out
654603 segments retransmitted
748 bad segments received
408640 resets sent
InCsumErrors: 747
Udp:
212303 packets received
13230 packets to unknown port received
126 packet receive errors
213173 packets sent
0 receive buffer errors
0 send buffer errors
InCsumErrors: 126
UdpLite:
TcpExt:
10451 resets received for embryonic SYN_RECV sockets
9 ICMP packets dropped because they were out-of-window
41710 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer
294 packetes rejected in established connections because of timestamp
161285 delayed acks sent
22 delayed acks further delayed because of locked socket
Quick ack mode was activated 20984 times
43 SYNs to LISTEN sockets dropped
1199311 packet headers predicted
1851531 acknowledgments not containing data payload received
919487 predicted acknowledgments
114 times recovered from packet loss due to fast retransmit
TCPSackRecovery: 5474
TCPSACKReneging: 2
Detected reordering 8235 times using SACK
Detected reordering 21 times using reno fast retransmit
Detected reordering 219 times using time stamp
154 congestion windows fully recovered without slow start
80 congestion windows partially recovered using Hoe heuristic
TCPDSACKUndo: 142
1009 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack
TCPLostRetransmit: 33008
68 timeouts after reno fast retransmit
TCPSackFailures: 302
599 timeouts in loss state
57605 fast retransmits
2647 retransmits in slow start
TCPTimeouts: 618841
TCPLossProbes: 35168
TCPLossProbeRecovery: 12069
TCPRenoRecoveryFail: 60
TCPSackRecoveryFail: 668
TCPBacklogCoalesce: 54624
TCPDSACKOldSent: 20866
TCPDSACKOfoSent: 56
TCPDSACKRecv: 5136
TCPDSACKOfoRecv: 76
20881 connections reset due to unexpected data
1466 connections reset due to early user close
3960 connections aborted due to timeout
TCPSACKDiscard: 54
TCPDSACKIgnoredOld: 28
TCPDSACKIgnoredNoUndo: 2114
TCPSpuriousRTOs: 23
TCPSackShifted: 33515
TCPSackMerged: 56742
TCPSackShiftFallback: 24412
TCPDeferAcceptDrop: 127813
TCPRcvCoalesce: 258864
TCPOFOQueue: 24749
TCPOFOMerge: 56
TCPChallengeACK: 238
TCPSYNChallenge: 3
TCPFastOpenCookieReqd: 6
TCPFromZeroWindowAdv: 32
TCPToZeroWindowAdv: 32
TCPWantZeroWindowAdv: 187
TCPSynRetrans: 517978
TCPOrigDataSent: 7250401
TCPHystartTrainDetect: 102
TCPHystartTrainCwnd: 15000
TCPHystartDelayDetect: 1533
TCPHystartDelayCwnd: 101578
TCPACKSkippedSynRecv: 16
TCPACKSkippedPAWS: 160
TCPACKSkippedSeq: 54
TCPACKSkippedTimeWait: 140
TCPACKSkippedChallenge: 91
TCPWinProbe: 1552
TCPDelivered: 7093769
TCPAckCompressed: 12241
TCPWqueueTooBig: 222
IpExt:
InMcastPkts: 104
OutMcastPkts: 106
InOctets: 3072954621
OutOctets: 10300134722
InMcastOctets: 8757
OutMcastOctets: 8837
InNoECTPkts: 6759736
InECT1Pkts: 312
InECT0Pkts: 54355
InCEPkts: 8644
Sctp:
0 Current Associations
0 Active Associations
0 Passive Associations
0 Number of Aborteds
0 Number of Graceful Terminations
14 Number of Out of Blue packets
0 Number of Packets with invalid Checksum
14 Number of control chunks sent
0 Number of ordered chunks sent
0 Number of Unordered chunks sent
14 Number of control chunks received
0 Number of ordered chunks received
0 Number of Unordered chunks received
0 Number of messages fragmented
0 Number of messages reassembled
14 Number of SCTP packets sent
14 Number of SCTP packets received
SctpInPktSoftirq: 14
SctpInPktDiscards: 14Including the -w option will tell netstat to display raw network statistics:
sudo netstat -sw
Ip:
Forwarding: 2
6775954 total packets received
11 with invalid addresses
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
6775943 incoming packets delivered
7339740 requests sent out
Icmp:
10531 ICMP messages received
4415 input ICMP message failed
InCsumErrors: 3
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 6035
timeout in transit: 93
redirects: 1
echo requests: 4379
timestamp request: 20
16942 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 12543
echo replies: 4379
timestamp replies: 20
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 6035
InType5: 1
InType8: 4379
InType11: 93
InType13: 20
OutType0: 4379
OutType3: 12543
OutType14: 20
UdpLite:
IpExt:
InMcastPkts: 104
OutMcastPkts: 106
InOctets: 3072998471
OutOctets: 10300305693
InMcastOctets: 8757
OutMcastOctets: 8837
InNoECTPkts: 6760354
InECT1Pkts: 312
InECT0Pkts: 54357
InCEPkts: 8644Multicast Group Membership
The netstat -g command displays
multicast group membership information:
netstat -g
IPv6/IPv4 Group Memberships
Interface RefCnt Group
--------------- ------ ---------------------
lo 1 all-systems.mcast.net
eth0 1 224.0.0.251
eth0 1 all-systems.mcast.net
lo 1 ip6-allnodes
lo 1 ff01::1
dummy0 1 ip6-allnodes
dummy0 1 ff01::1
eth0 1 ff02::202
eth0 1 ff02::fb
...NoteThe default output ofnetstat -gdisplays both IPv4 and IPv6 data.
Using AWK to process netstat output
The AWK programming language can help you process netstat output and generate handy reports.
Showing the Number of Listening Processes Per Username
The following command calculates the total number of listening processes per username:
sudo netstat -lte | awk '{print $7}' | grep -v Address | grep -v "^$" | sort | uniq -c | awk '{print $2 ": " $1}'
mysql: 1
root: 5- The
netstatcommand collects the listening TCP connections and includes the users for the connections’ processes in the output. - The first
awkcommand limits the output to the column that displays the user. - The first
grepcommand deletes the line with the header information generated bynetstat. - The second
grepcommand deletes empty lines from the output. - The
sortcommand sorts the users alphabetically. - After that, the
uniqcommand counts line occurrences while omitting repeated output. - Lastly, the second
awkcommand reverses the two columns of theuniqcommand’s output and prints the data on screen.
HTTP Connections
The following command, which needs root privileges to run, extracts the IP address from all established Apache connections and calculates the number of connections per IP address:
sudo netstat -anpt | grep apache2 | grep ESTABLISHED | awk -F "[ :]*" '{print $4}' | uniq -c
4 109.74.193.253TCP Connections
The following command calculates the number of TCP connections per IP address, sorted by the number of connections:
netstat -nt | awk '/^tcp/ {print $5}' | awk -F: '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
2 193.32.160.136
1 79.131.135.223
1 193.32.160.143
1 106.13.205.251Counting TCP States
The next command counts the various types of TCP states:
netstat -ant | awk '{print $6}' | grep -v established\) | grep -v Foreign | sort | uniq -c | sort -n
2 ESTABLISHED
3 CLOSE_WAIT
6 LISTENSummary
Even if there exists other more modern tools that can replace netstat, netstat remains a handy tool that will definitely help you if you ever have networking problems on your Linux machine. However, never forget to check your log files for errors or warnings related to your network problem before troubleshooting.
More Information
You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.
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