Create a Highly Available PostgreSQL Cluster Using Patroni and HAProxy

PostgreSQL (Postgres) is an open-source, fully ACID compliant relational database that runs on all major operating systems. While Postgres is a highly versatile, feature-rich, and powerful database, it doesn’t have a built-in solution for high availability.

This guide shows you how to create a highly available Postgres cluster of three servers using Patroni.

1. Familiarize yourself with our Getting Started guide and familiarize yourself with SSH and connecting to your linode.

2. This guide will use sudo wherever possible. Complete the sections of our Securing Your Server to create a standard user account and harden SSH access.

3. Update your system:

   sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
   

4. Create five Linodes on your account, all within the same data center. Take note of each Linode’s private IP address

Note

This guide is written for a non-root user. Commands that require elevated privileges are prefixed with sudo. If you’re not familiar with the sudo command, see the Users and Groups guide.

Install Postgres on three Linodes in your setup. Because the configuration in this guide uses private IP addresses to communicate between Linodes in the same data center, this setup may not meet certain Highly Available requirements.

The examples in this guide assign the private IP addresses of the three Postgres Linodes 192.0.2.11, 192.0.2.12 and 192.0.2.13. To setup a private IP address on a Linode, refer to the Managing IP Addresses guide for more information.

1. On the three Linodes where you want to install Postgres, update the package lists:

   sudo apt update
   

2. Install Postgres:

   sudo apt install postgresql-9.5 -y
   

3. Upon installation, Postgres automatically runs as a service. Stop the Postgres service so that Patroni can manage it from this point on:

   sudo systemctl stop postgresql
   

4. Patroni uses utilities that come installed with Postgres, located in the /usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin directory by default on Ubuntu 16.04. Create symbolic links in the PATH to ensure that Patroni can find the utilities:

   sudo ln -s /usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin/* /usr/sbin/
   

   Instead of creating symlinks, you can include the /usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin directory in your PATH.

5. Repeat these steps on each of the three Linodes.

Patroni is an open-source Python package that manages Postgres configuration. It can be configured to handle tasks like replication, backups and restorations.

In this guide, you will use Patroni to:

• Configure the Postgres instance running on the same server
• Configure replication from primary to standby
• Automatically failover to the best standby in case the primary goes down.

1. Install python and pip:

   sudo apt install python python-pip -y
   

2. Ensure that you have latest version of the setuptools python package:

   sudo pip install --upgrade setuptools
   

3. Use pip to install Patroni:

   sudo pip install patroni
   

4. Repeat these steps on each of the three Linodes.

Etcd is a fault-tolerant, distributed key-value store that is used to store the state of the Postgres cluster. Via Patroni, all of the Postgres nodes make use of etcd to keep the Postgres cluster up and running.

In this guide you use a single-server etcd cluster. However, in production, it may be best to use a larger etcd cluster so that one etcd node fails, it doesn’t affect your Postgres servers.

1. On the Linode where you want etcd installed, update the package lists:

   sudo apt update
   

2. Install etcd:

   sudo apt install etcd -y
   

The remainder of this guide uses 192.0.2.21 as the private IP address of this Linode.

When developing an application that uses a database, it can be cumbersome to keep track of the database endpoints if they keep changing. Using HAProxy simplifies this by giving a single endpoint to which you can connect the application.

HAProxy forwards the connection to whichever node is currently the primary. It does this using a REST endpoint that Patroni provides. Patroni ensures that, at any given time, only the primary Postgres node will appear as online, forcing HAProxy to connect to the correct node.

1. On the Linode where you want HAProxy installed, update the package lists:

   sudo apt update
   

2. Install HAProxy:

   sudo apt install haproxy -y
   

This guide uses 192.0.2.31 as the private IP address of this server and 203.0.113.1 as its public IP address.

At this stage, you should have a total of five Linodes:

1. Edit the /etc/default/etcd file to add the following configuration:

   File: /etc/default/etcd

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   ETCD_LISTEN_PEER_URLS="http://192.0.2.21:2380" ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS="http://localhost:2379,http://192.0.2.21:2379" ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS="http://192.0.2.21:2380" ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="etcd0=http://192.0.2.21:2380," ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS="http://192.0.2.21:2379" ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_TOKEN="cluster1" ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="new"

2. Save the file, then restart the etcd service:

   sudo systemctl restart etcd
   

Patroni can be configured using a YAML file which can be placed anywhere. In this guide, you will place this file at /etc/patroni.yml.

Create a patroni.yml file on all three Linodes that have Postgres and Patroni installed (192.0.2.11, 192.0.2.12, and 192.0.2.13 in this guide). Change name to something unique, and change listen and connect_address (under postgresql and restapi) to the appropriate values on each Linode.

1. Edit this file to have the following content:

   File: /etc/patroni.yml

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   scope: postgres namespace: /db/ name: postgresql0 restapi: listen: 192.0.2.11:8008 connect_address: 192.0.2.11:8008 etcd: host: 192.0.2.21:2379 bootstrap: dcs: ttl: 30 loop_wait: 10 retry_timeout: 10 maximum_lag_on_failover: 1048576 postgresql: use_pg_rewind: true initdb: - encoding: UTF8 - data-checksums pg_hba: - host replication replicator 127.0.0.1/32 md5 - host replication replicator 192.0.2.11/0 md5 - host replication replicator 192.0.2.12/0 md5 - host replication replicator 192.0.2.13/0 md5 - host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5 users: admin: password: admin options: - createrole - createdb postgresql: listen: 192.0.2.11:5432 connect_address: 192.0.2.11:5432 data_dir: /data/patroni pgpass: /tmp/pgpass authentication: replication: username: replicator password: rep-pass superuser: username: postgres password: secretpassword parameters: unix_socket_directories: '.' tags: nofailover: false noloadbalance: false clonefrom: false nosync: false

2. Make note of the data_dir value in the above file. The postgres user needs the ability to write to this directory. If this directory doesn’t exist, create it:

   sudo mkdir /data/patroni -p
   

3. Make postgres the owner of /data/patroni:

   sudo chown postgres:postgres /data/patroni
   

4. Change the permissions on this directory to make it accessible only to the postgres user:

   sudo chmod 700 /data/patroni
   

   Every option in the above file is configurable. View the latest version of the postgres0.yml file in Patroni’s Github repository.

5. Create a systemd script that will allow you to start, stop and monitor Patroni. Create a file at /etc/systemd/system/patroni.service with the following content:

   File: /etc/systemd/system/patroni.service

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   [Unit] Description=Runners to orchestrate a high-availability PostgreSQL After=syslog.target network.target [Service] Type=simple User=postgres Group=postgres ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/patroni /etc/patroni.yml KillMode=process TimeoutSec=30 Restart=no [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.targ

   If patroni is installed in a location other than /usr/local/bin/patroni on your machine, update the above file accordingly.

6. Start Patroni and Postgres:

   sudo systemctl start patroni
   

7. Check the status of Patroni:

   sudo systemctl status patroni
   

   If everything is set up correctly, the output from the first node (leader) will resemble:

   ● patroni.service - Runners to orchestrate a high-availability PostgreSQL
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/patroni.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Thu 2017-07-29 16:49:18 UTC; 8min ago
   Main PID: 13097 (patroni)
   
   .
   .
   .
   
   ... INFO: Lock owner: postgresql0; I am postgresql0
   ... INFO: no action.  i am the leader with the lock
   

   When starting subsequent nodes, the log will resemble:

   INFO: no action.  i am a secondary and i am following a leader
   Lock owner: postgresql0; I am postgresql2
   

8. Repeat these steps on each of the three Linodes with Postgres installed to create a highly available Postgres cluster with one primary and two standbys.

With the Postgres cluster set up, you need a way to connect to the primary regardless of which of the servers in the cluster is the primary. This is where HAProxy comes in. All Postgres clients (your applications, psql, etc.) will connect to HAProxy which will make sure you connect to the primary in the cluster.

1. On the Linode that has HAProxy installed, edit the configuration file at /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg to contain the following:

   File: /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg

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   global maxconn 100 defaults log global mode tcp retries 2 timeout client 30m timeout connect 4s timeout server 30m timeout check 5s listen stats mode http bind *:7000 stats enable stats uri / listen postgres bind *:5000 option httpchk http-check expect status 200 default-server inter 3s fall 3 rise 2 on-marked-down shutdown-sessions server postgresql_192.0.2.11_5432 192.0.2.11:5432 maxconn 100 check port 8008 server postgresql_192.0.2.12_5432 192.0.2.12:5432 maxconn 100 check port 8008 server postgresql_192.0.2.13_5432 192.0.2.13:5432 maxconn 100 check port 8008

   This configuration exposes HAProxy stats on a public URL. In a production setup, it might be better to restrict this to an internal network/localhost and access it via an SSH tunnel.

2. Restart HAProxy to use the new settings:

   sudo systemctl restart haproxy
   

   If HAProxy fails to start, check for syntax errors:

   /usr/sbin/haproxy -c -V -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
   

1. Connect Postgres clients to the public IP address of the Linode on which you installed HAProxy (in this guide, 203.0.113.1) on port 5000.

2. You can also connect to the HAProxy Linode on port 7000 to see the HAProxy dashboard:

   

   In the postgres section, the postgresql_192.0.2.11_5432 row is highlighted in green. This indicates that 192.0.2.11 is currently acting as the primary.

3. If you kill the primary Linode (using sudo systemctl stop patroni or by shutting down the server), the dashboard will look similar to:

   

   In the postgres section, the postgresql_192.0.2.11_5432 row is now red and the postgresql_192.0.2.13_5432 row is highlighted in green. This indicates that 192.0.2.13 is currently acting as the primary.

   Note

   In this case, it just so happens that the third Postgres server is promoted to primary. This might not always be the case. It is equally likely that the second server may be promoted to primary.

When you now bring up the first server, it will rejoin the cluster as a standby and will sync up with the primary.

You now have a robust, highly available Postgres cluster ready for use.

While the setup in this guide should go far in making your Postgres deployment highly available, here are steps you can take to improve it further:

1. Use a larger etcd cluster to improve availability.
2. Use PgBouncer to pool connections.
3. Add another HAProxy server and configure IP failover to create a highly available HAProxy cluster.

More Information

You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.

• PostgreSQL Documentation
• Patroni Repository
• etcd Documentation